![]() ![]() The discovery of x-rays in 1895 revolutionized medicine. 8 The history of race adjustment for x-ray dosing reveals how mistaken assumptions can be admitted into medical practices - and how those practices can be ended. 21 Despite this consensus, and despite recent attempts to mitigate the harmful effects of racial biases in medicine, race-based beliefs and practices, especially the use of racial categories, remain widespread. 20 There is now growing consensus that race is not a meaningful biologic concept. 19 Some widely used technologies underperform in Black and Brown people: pulse oximeters, for instance, can overestimate blood oxygen levels in patients with darker complexions and delay identification of patients in need of treatment. 18 They have exhibited bias in the assessment and management of pain. ![]() 10,17 Psychologists used race-specific norms to interpret neuropsychological tests of retired football players who had had concussions. 3,15,16 Physicians have used race-specific standards to interpret pulmonary function tests. 11-14 Racist theories motivated unethical experiments on Black Americans. ![]() 7-10īeliefs about bodily differences have long shaped medical research, diagnosis, and therapeutics. These insights can inform ongoing debates about the uses of race in medicine. The history shows how assumptions about biologic differences between Black and White people affected the theory and practice of medicine in the United States in ways that may have harmed patients. 2-6 It’s important to understand the origins of this practice, its rationales, its possible harms, and related controversies. Yet in the 21st century, despite growing interest in the problems of race and racism in medicine, race adjustment of x-rays has received little attention. Senate hearings held that month, as political unrest rocked the country, prompted public outcry and led to calls from state and federal officials to end the practice. 1 This practice, which adhered to guidelines from x-ray machine manufacturers, may have been widespread in the 1960s. On May 23, 1968, Howard Goldman, director of the New York Bureau of X-Ray Technology, acknowledged that x-ray technicians routinely exposed Black patients to doses of radiation that were higher than those White patients received. The most trusted, influential source of new medical knowledge and clinical best practices in the world. Information and tools for librarians about site license offerings. ![]() Valuable tools for building a rewarding career in health care. The authorized source of trusted medical research and education for the Chinese-language medical community. The most advanced way to teach, practice, and assess clinical reasoning skills. Information, resources, and support needed to approach rotations - and life as a resident. The most effective and engaging way for clinicians to learn, improve their practice, and prepare for board exams. NEW! Peer-reviewed journal featuring in-depth articles to accelerate the transformation of health care delivery.Ĭoncise summaries and expert physician commentary that busy clinicians need to enhance patient care. NEW! A digital journal for innovative original research and fresh, bold ideas in clinical trial design and clinical decision-making. ![]()
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